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(12 Nov. 1966) — Astronaut James A. Lovell is photographed inside his Gemini spacecraft during the Gemini-12 mission. Astronaut Edwin Aldrin is seen in the background and to the left. Photo credit: NASA

Albert Einstein in a vintage polo.

An Adaptable Species: Part 1 of 4 Episode 11: The Immortals, Cosmos: A SpaceTime Odyssey

M-theory

Membrane theory is a relatively new theory in the world of physics. It has been backed by Stephen Hawking as being the only candidate for the complete theory of the universe.

M-theory has been growing very popular in recent years. This is because it ties together the existing string theories into one relatively simple (mathematically) depiction of the universe. The true origins start with the older string theories that came about in the 80’s. This outlined how all the different forms of energy in the universe could be constructed out of hypothetical one dimensional “strings”. The current M-theory now believes in an 11 dimensional space (this was previously 10 in earlier versions of string theories but the introduction of supergravity increased the count to 11). Now we live in a 3D space with a total of four observable dimensions meaning that there are another 5 we cannot detect. Now in string theory, it was hypothesised that depending on how the strings vibrate the might be seen in 3 dimensions as matter, light or gravity. The problem with string theory was that different equations used to describe the vibrations of the strings kept coming out and they all appeared to be correct. Then what happened was M-theory which said that it’s possible that all the equations are describing the same thing but from a different perspective.

My current understanding of M-theory is that there are lots of 2D membranes which are in an 11D space. These two dimensional branes are not fixed in this eleven dimensional space and move around. When they collide a new 2D brane is created and it is thought that when this happens it is similar to a Big Bang. So it’s entirely possible that out universe is really a 2D membrane in an 11D space.

The first image is a Calabi-Yau manifold. It’s a multi-dimensional mathematic structure and is very significant to M-theory, all they have to do is find the “right” one.

Sorry guys. I am a little busy these days. But stay tuned I will be back with a lots of amazing photos of cosmos. :)

Disclaimer: These are online resources that I have found, They are not meant to be your only source of study, instead you can use them to your enhance your normal study. I don’t know what level these resources are aimed at, but I’ve tried to provide a range for a number of different topics. I don’t study Physics, so I don’t know how accurate these are, or how they relate to course syllabi.

Space & the universe:

How do we know the Big Bang actually happened?

Visible Earth - A catalogue of satellite images of our home planet detailing everything from atmospheric data to city lights or natural disasters.

NASA - NASA homepage with links to other NASA sites. FAQ

British National Space Centre - Site containing information about current satellites launches, solar system and Earth observation. There are links from the ‘Learning Zone’ to other Space sites.

Online Physics Lecture Notes - A directory of online undergraduate level astronomy and physics lecture notes from various universities.

Physics in Perspective: 2013 lectures - Video: Dr Andreas Freise talks about finding black holes with lasers.

Galileo: An educational film - An educational film dramatising the life of Galileo and his scientific discoveries.

Why our universe might exist on a knife-edge

Is our universe the only universe?

Distant time and the hint of a multiverse

The hunt for a supermassive black hole

The story behind the Mars Rovers

The design of the universe

Shedding light on dark matter

Why did Pluto get kicked out of the planet club?

Geocentrism and heliocentrism

Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation

An overview of orbital mechanics

Orbital mechanics -  These drawings simplify the physics of orbital mechanics, making it easy to grasp some of the basic concepts.

Gravity is More Than a Name

Circular and Satellite Motion Interactives

Vectors, Motion & Momentum

Vectors - Motion and Forces in Two Dimensions

Vectors, Projectiles, and 2-D Motion Interactives

One dimensional motion - velocity, speed, time, acceleration, projectiles.

Two dimensional motion - projectile velocity, inclines, centripetal force and acceleration.

Introduction to vectors and scalars - Khan Academy  (YouTube)

Physics: Introduction to Vectors (YouTube)

Momentum and Its Conservation

Momentum and Collisions Interactives

1-D Kinematics Interactives

The simple pendulum - Excellent animations proving assorted points about the simple harmonic motion approximation for pendulums.

The Physics of Body Mechanics

Momentum and forces (BBC Bitesize)

Forces and Newton’s laws

Impacts and linear momentum

Moments, torque and angular momentum

Oscillatory motion

Work & Energy:

Work, Energy, and Power

Work and Energy Interactives

Introduction to work and energy - Khan Academy

SparkNotes: SAT Physics: Work, Energy, and Power

Thermal Physics:

Thermal Physics

Thermodynamics

SparkNotes: SAT Physics: Thermal Physics

Thermal Physics - Heat and Temperature (YouTube)

Electricity & Magneticism:

Static Electricity

Static Electricity Interactives

The Electromagnetic Spectrum Song by Emerson & Wong

Electromagnetic Spectrum - Introduction

Electricity and magneticism (Khan academy)

Current Electricity

Magnetism Interactives

Direct Current Versus Alternating Current

Circuits

Circuit symbols review notes

Circuit components overview

Resistors in Circuits

Batteries in Circuits

Capacitors in Circuits

Online circuit lab

Electric Current

Electric Resistance

Electric Power

Light & Sound:

Waves

Waves and Sound Interactives

Sound Waves and Music

Mechanical waves and sound

Light Waves and Color

Light waves

Reflection and the Ray Model of Light

Refraction and Lenses Interactives

Refraction and the Ray Model of Light

Circles of light: the mathematics of rainbows - An in-depth study of the mathematics involved in the study of rainbows. For advanced students only.

The Discovery Of Radioactivity - 100 years ago, a group of scientists unknowingly ushered in the Atomic Age. Their work initiated paths of research which changed our understanding of the building blocks of matter.

Light: Particle or a Wave?

Refraction of Light

Diffraction of Light

Sources of Visible Light

Laser Fundamentals

Prisms and Beamsplitters

What is the speed of dark? Vsauce. YouTube (2014).

Primary Colors

Diffraction of Light

Atoms:

The Discovery and Research on the Atom - A description of some of the important developments in understanding the atom an its constituents. Some parts of the site are very mathematical and go beyond college level physics.

Large Hadron Collider finds elusive new particle after 50 years

Building atoms

Revise atom structure (S-cool, intro level)

Build an atom - Move the electrons, protons and neutrons yourself to create different atoms.

Definitions & Tools:

Torques - Definitions of various torques, statements of Euler’s equations.

Elasticity - Definitions for a selection of topics related to elasticity.

Forces - Glossary of terms and mathematical derivations for various forces.

Friction - A few good definitions relating to friction.

Mass and Weight - Brief definitions for various mass and weight related topics.

A Dictionary of Units of Measurement - The history and conversion of different numeric systems

Physics Forums - A busy forum covering every physics topic under the sun. Great for everything from homework questions to discussing the origins of the universe.

The Laws List - The Laws List is an alphabetised guide featuring several hundred laws, rules, principles and other related topics in physics, from aberration to the Zeeman effect.

Astro Physical Calculator - A fully working physical calculator with physical constants stored in memory.

Other:

Introduction to MRI physics - A detailed page on the workings of mri scanners with lots of animations (requires shockwave).

How Does a Cat Land on its Feet? - The saying is that cats always land on their feet. This animation explains how they do this.

X‑rays

What physics taught me about marketing

Physics Timeline

Careers:

Careers in physics

What can I do with my degree in physics?

Careers In Physics - American Physical Society

Important Dates and Discoveries - The Physics of the Universe

Rolling, rolling, rolling.

(via GIPHY)