How Hard-wired Are Human Beings For Polygamy?

On this day, 13th February 1743, Sir Joseph Banks was born.

Sir Joseph Banks was a British botanist and naturalist who sailed with Captain James Cook on the Endeavour voyage of 1770.

Joseph Banks was born on 13 February 1743 in London. His passion for botany began at school. From 1760 to 1763 he studied at Oxford University, during which time he inherited a considerable fortune. In 1766, Banks travelled to Newfoundland and Labrador, collecting plant and other specimens. The same year he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society.

In 1768, he joined the Society’s expedition, led by Captain James Cook, to explore the uncharted lands of the South Pacific. The expedition circumnavigated the globe and visited South America, Tahiti, New Zealand, Australia and Java. Banks collected an enormous number of specimens on the way and, on his return, his scientific account of the voyage and its discoveries sparked considerable interest across Europe.

The journal kept by the then 25-year-old Joseph Banks on board HMS Endeavour is one of the State Library’s most significant manuscripts. It records the first Pacific voyage of Captain James Cook from 1768 to 1771. Following the Endeavour’s return to England in 1771, Banks was hailed as a hero. 

The State Library’s Sir Joseph Banks collection includes correspondence, reports, invoices, accounts, maps and watercolour drawings which document the far reaching influence of Banks on the colony. This significant archive containing over 7,000 pages has recently been digitised and now needs to be transcribed. Once fully transcribed the archive will be keyword searchable which will enhance discovery and access to the collection and increase the research potential in this significant archive.  

Find out more about how to transcribe the Banks Papers

NCLEX Pharmacology Medical Suffixes

-amil = calcium channel blockers

-caine = local anesthetics

-dine = anti-ulcer agents (H2 histamine blockers)

-done = opioid analgesics

-ide = oral hypoglycemics

-lam = anti-anxiety agents

-oxacin = broad spectrum antibiotics

-micin = antibiotics

-mide = diuretics

-mycin = antibiotics

-nuim = neuromuscular blockers

-olol = beta blockers

-pam = anti-anxiety agents

-pine = calcium channel blockers

-pril = ace inhibitors

-sone = steroids

-statin =antihyperlipidemics

-vir = anti-virais

-zide = diuretics

the phrase “curiosity killed the cat” is actually not the full phrase it actually is “curiosity killed the cat but satisfaction brought it back” so don’t let anyone tell you not to be a curious little baby okay go and be interested in the world uwu

Family names for Family trees in Japanese

(source: http://www.e-keizu.com/info/family.html )

The numbers below match the blue number above in the image.

[M]祖父（そふ sofu）, [F]祖母（そぼ sobo）

[M]曾祖父（そうそふ sousofu）, [F]曾祖母（そうそぼ sousobo）

[M]高祖父（こうそふ kousofu）, [F]高祖母（こうそぼ kousobo）

For big brother/sister of 1, [M]大伯父（おおおじ oooji）,[F]大伯母（おおおば oooba） For little brother/sister of 1, [M]大叔父（おおおじ oooji）,[F] 大叔母（おおおば oooba）

For big brother/sister of 2, [M]曾祖伯父（そうそはくふ sousohakufu）,[F] 曾祖伯母（そうそはくぼ sousohakubo） For little brother/sister of 2, [M]曾祖叔父（そうそしゅくふ sousosyukufu）,[F] 曾祖叔母（そうそしゅくぼ sousosyukubo）

For big brother/sister of 3, [M]高祖伯父（こうそはくふ kousohakufu）,[F] 高祖伯母（こうそはくぼ kousohakubo） For little brother/sister of 3, [M]高祖叔父（こうそしゅくふ kousosyukufu）,[F] 高祖叔母（こうそしゅくぼ kousosyukubo）

For big brother/sister of your father/mother, [M]伯父（おじ oji）,[F]伯母（おば oba） For little brother/sister of your father/mother, [M]叔父（おじ oji）,[F]叔母（おば oba）

For elder than you, [M]いとこ( itoko )・従兄（じゅうけい juukei）,[F]いとこ( itoko )・従姉（じゅうし juushi） For younger than you, [M]いとこ( itoko )・従弟（じゅうてい juutei）,[F] いとこ( itoko )・従妹（じゅうまい juumai）

[M]いとこ違い( itokochigai )・従甥（じゅうせい juusei）,[F]いとこ違い( itokochigai )・従姪（じゅうてつ juutetsu）

従姪孫（じゅうてっそん juutesson）

For elder than your father/mother, [M]いとこ違い( itokochigai )・従伯父（じゅうはくふ juuhakufu）,[F]いとこ違い( itokochigai )・従伯母（じゅうはくぼ juuhakubo ） For younger than your father/mother, [M]いとこ違い( itokochigai )・従叔父（じゅうしゅくふ juushukufu）,[F]いとこ違い( itokochigai )・従叔母（じゅうしゅくぼ juushukubo）

For elder than you, [M]またいとこ( mataitoko )・はとこ( hatoko )・再従兄（さいじゅうけい saijuukei）,[F]またいとこ( mataitoko )・はとこ( hatoko )・再従姉（さいじゅうし saijuushi） For younger than you, [M]またいとこ( mataitoko )・はとこ( hatoko )・再従弟（さいじゅうてい saijuutei）,[F]またいとこ( mataitoko )・はとこ( hatoko )・再従妹（さいじゅうまい saijuumai ）

[M]甥（おい oi）,[F]姪（めい mei ）

[M]姪孫（てっそん tesson）・又甥（またおい mataoi）,[F]姪孫（てっそん tesson）・又姪（まためい matamei）

[M/F]曾姪孫（そうてっそん soutesson）

[M/F]玄姪孫（げんてっそん gentesson）

[M/F]孫（まご mago）

[M/F]ひ孫( himago )・曾孫（そうそん souson）

[M/F]やしゃご( yashago )・玄孫（げんそん genson）

[M/F]来孫（らいそん raison）

[M/F]昆孫（こんそん konson）

[M/F]仍孫（じょうそん jouson）

[M/F]雲孫（うんそん unson）

For elder than 1, [M]従祖伯父(じゅうそはくふ juusohakufu )・従大伯父（いとこおおおじ itokooooji ）,[F]従祖伯母( じゅうそはくぼ juusohakubo )・従大伯母（いとこおおおば itokooooba） For younger than 1, [M]従祖叔父(じゅうそおじ juusooji)・従大叔父（いとこおおおじ itokooooji）,[F]従祖叔母(じゅうそおば juusooba)・従大叔母（いとこおおおば itokooooba）

[M/F]三いとこ(みいとこ miitoko)・その又いとこ（そのまたいとこ sonomataitoko）

Also

You: 自分(じぶん jibun) Mather:母(はは haha) / Father: 父（ちち tsitsi）

(source: http://www.e-keizu.com/info/family.html )

Although I am a Japanese, I can’t call them all correctly… Does your language have the names?

#🐌 #snail #pet #smallfriend #hyperlapse #timelapse http://ift.tt/1OF6qKr

The Normans - A Timeline

911: According to later writer Dudo of Saint-Quentin, in this year the king of the Franks, Charles the Simple, grants land around the city of Rouen to Rollo, or Rolf, leader of the Vikings who have settled the region: the duchy of Normandy is founded. In return Rollo undertakes to protect the area and to receive baptism, taking the Christian name Robert.

1002: Emma, sister of Duke Richard II of Normandy, marries Æthelred (‘the Unready’), king of England. Their son, the future Edward the Confessor, flees to Normandy 14 years later when England is conquered by King Cnut, and remains there for the next quarter of a century. This dynastic link is later used as one of the justifications for the Norman conquest.

1016: A group of Norman pilgrims en route to Jerusalem are ‘invited’ to help liberate southern Italy from Byzantine (Greek) control. Norman knights have already been operating as mercenaries here since the turn of the first millennium, selling their military services to rival Lombard, Greek and Muslim rulers.

1035: Having ruled Normandy for eight years, Duke Robert I falls ill on his return from

a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and dies at Nicaea. By prior agreement, Robert is succeeded by his illegitimate son William, the future Conqueror of England, then aged just seven or eight. A decade of violence follows as Norman nobles fight each other for control of the young duke and his duchy.

1051: Duke William visits England. His rule in Normandy now established, and newly married to Matilda of Flanders, William crosses the Channel to speak with his second cousin, King Edward the Confessor of England. The subject of their conference is unknown, but later chroniclers assert that at this time Edward promises William the English succession.

1059: Pope Nicholas II invests the Norman Robert Guiscard with the dukedoms of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily. The popes had opposed the ambitions of the Normans in Italy, but defeat in battle at Civitate in southern Italy in 1053 had caused them to reconsider. In 1060 Robert and his brother Roger embark on the conquest of Sicily, and Roger subsequently rules the island as its great count.

1066: Edward the Confessor dies on 5 January, and the throne is immediately taken by his brother-in-law Harold Godwinson, the most powerful earl in England, with strong popular backing. Harold defeats his Norwegian namesake at Stamford Bridge in September. But on 14 October William’s Norman forces defeat Harold’s army at Hastings. William is crowned as England’s king on Christmas Day.

1069: The initial years of William’s reign in England are marked by almost constant English rebellion, matched by violent Norman repression. In autumn 1069 a fresh English revolt is triggered by a Danish invasion. William responds by laying waste to the country north of the Humber, destroying crops and cattle in a campaign that becomes known as the Harrying of the North, leading to widespread famine and death.

1086: Worried by the threat of Danish invasion, at Christmas 1085 William decides to survey his kingdom – partly to assess its wealth, and partly to settle arguments about landownership created by 20 years of conquest. The results, later redacted and compiled as Domesday Book, are probably brought to him in August 1086 at Old Sarum (near Salisbury), where all landowners swear an oath to him.

1087: William retaliates against a French invasion of Normandy. While attacking Mantes he is taken ill or injured – possibly damaging his intestines on the pommel of his saddle – and retires to Rouen, where he dies on 9 September. Taken to Caen for burial, his body proves too fat for its stone sarcophagus, and bursts when monks try to force it in. His eldest surviving son, Robert Curthose, becomes duke of Normandy, while England passes to his second son, William Rufus.

1096: Following a call to arms by Pope Urban II in 1095, many Normans set out towards the Holy Land on the First Crusade, determined to recover Jerusalem. Among them are Robert Curthose, who mortgages Normandy to his younger brother, William Rufus, and William the Conqueror’s notorious half-brother, Bishop Odo of Bayeux. Odo dies en route and is buried in Palermo, but Robert goes on to win victories in Palestine and is present when Jerusalem falls.

1100: Having succeeded his father in 1087 and defeated Robert Curthose’s attempts to unseat him, the rule of William II (‘Rufus’, depicted below) seems secure. But on 2 August 1100, while hunting in the New Forest with some of his barons, William is struck by a stray arrow and killed. His body is carted to Winchester for burial, and the English throne passes to his younger brother, Henry, who is crowned in Westminster Abbey just three days later.

1101: Roger I of Sicily dies. By the end of his long rule, Count Roger has gained control over the whole of Sicily – the central Muslim town of Enna submitted in 1087, and the last emirs in the southeast surrendered in 1091. He is briefly succeeded by his eldest son, Simon, but the new count dies in 1105 and is succeeded by his younger brother, Roger II.

1120: On 25 November Henry I sets out across the Channel from Normandy to England. One of the vessels in his fleet, the White Ship, strikes a rock soon after its departure, with the loss of all but one of its passengers. One of the drowned is the king’s only legitimate son, William Ætheling. Henry responds by fixing the succession on his daughter, Matilda, and marrying her to Geoffrey Plantagenet, count of Anjou.

1130: Roger II is crowned king of Sicily, having pushed for royal status in order to assert his authority over the barons of southern Italy. A disputed papal succession in 1130 has provided an opportunity and, in return for support against a papal rival, Pope Anacletus II confers the kingship on Roger in September. He is crowned in Palermo Cathedral on Christmas Day.

1135: Henry I dies in Normandy on 1 December, reportedly after ignoring doctor’s orders and eating his favourite dish - lampreys. His body is shipped back to England for burial at the abbey he founded in Reading. Many of his barons reject the rule of his daughter, Matilda, instead backing his nephew, Stephen, who is crowned as England’s new king on 22 December.

1154: King Stephen, the last Norman king of England, dies. His death ends the vicious civil war between him and his cousin Matilda that lasted for most of his reign. As a result of the Treaty of Wallingford, which Stephen was pressured to sign in 1153, he is succeeded by Matilda’s son Henry of Anjou, who takes the throne as Henry II.

1174: King William II of Sicily begins the construction of the great church at Monreale (‘Mount Royal’), nine miles from his capital at Palermo. The building is a fusion of Byzantine, Latin and Muslim architectural styles, and is decorated throughout with gold mosaics, including the earliest depiction of Thomas Becket, martyred in 1170.

1194: Norman rule on Sicily ends. Tancred of Lecce, son of Roger III, Duke of Apulia, seizes the throne on William’s death in 1189; on his death in 1194 he is succeeded by his young son, William III. Eight months later, Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, husband of Roger II’s daughter Constance, invades Sicily and is crowned in Palermo on Christmas Day. The following day, Constance gives birth to their son, the future Frederick II.

1204: King John loses Normandy to the French. The youngest son of Henry II, John had succeeded to England, Normandy, Anjou and Aquitaine after the death of his elder brother, Richard the Lionheart, in 1199. But in just five years he lost almost all of his continental lands to his rival King Philip Augustus of France – the end of England’s link with Normandy.

Happy Birthday, @smokey-bear (August 9th)!

Everybody loves Smokey the Bear and truthfully what’s not to love?  His message of conservation and environmental concern is even more relevant today than it was in 1944 when the campaign was created.  In 1952 the Smokey the Bear song was written by Steve Nelson and Jack Rollins and became a grade school standard.  Feel free to sing along: here are the lyrics from Living, Learning, Loving West Virginia from the Conservation Commission of West Virginia, 1958.  Have fun and remember “Only you can prevent forest fires.”

Molecule of the Day: Chloroform

Chloroform (CHCl3) is a colourless, dense liquid that is immiscible with water at room temperature and pressure. Popularised by movies and dramas, it is often cited as an incapacitating agent in popular culture.

Chloroform was used as a general anaesthetic due to its ability to depress the central nervous system, a property that was discovered in 1842. This produced a medically-induced coma, allowing surgeons to operate on patients without them feeling any pain.

However, chloroform was found to be associated with many side effects, such as vomiting, nausea, jaundice, depression of the respiratory system, liver necrosis and tumour formation, and its use was gradually superseded in the early 20th century by other anaesthetics and sedatives such as diethyl ether and hexobarbital respectively.

While chloroform has been implicated in several criminal cases, its use as an incapacitating agent is largely restricted to fiction; the usage of a chloroform-soaked fabric to knock a person out would take at least 5 minutes.

Chloroform is metabolised in the liver to form phosgene, which can react with DNA and proteins. Additionally, phosgene is hydrolysed to produced hydrochloric acid. These are believed to cause chloroform’s nephrotoxicity.

Chloroform is often used as a reagent to produce dichlorocarbene in situ via its reaction with a base like sodium tert-butoxide. This is a useful precursor to many derivatives. For example, the dichlorocarbene can be reacted with alkenes to form cyclopropanes, which can be difficult to synthesise otherwise.

Chloroform is industrially synthesised by the free radical chlorination of methane:

CH4 + 3 Cl2 –> CHCl3 + 3 HCl

It can also be synthesised by the reaction of acetone with sodium hypochlorite in bleach by successive aldol-like reactions:

Rishi coffin for a commoner

Second Intermediate Period, Dynasty 17, 1580–1550 B.C. (find spot unknown)

In Dynasty 17 a new type of coffin appeared in Thebes: anthropoid, but no longer conceived solely as an inner coffin, and resting on its back because of a change in funerary customs whereby the deceased was no longer laid on one side. The anthropoid coffin was to become the burial container of choice among royals and commoners alike. The earliest examples are decorated in paint with a feather pattern, and so they are known by the Arabic word for “feathered,” rishi. Carved from local sycamore because the Thebans no longer had access to imported cedar, all rishi coffins, royal or private, show the deceased wearing the royal nemes headdress. This example was clearly a stock item made for a commoner, for a blank space was left for the owner’s name to be inserted at the end of the vertical inscription on the lid (a conventional offering formula for the dead).

Great vulture’s wings envelop the legs and lower abdomen. Even the top of the headdress is decorated with a feather pattern so that the deceased appears as a human-headed bird according to the concept of the ba, or mobile spirit. The ba could travel to any place and transform itself into anything it desired. The face on the coffin is painted black, not to represent the unknown owner’s race but to reinforce his identification with Osiris. The flesh of the god of death and resurrection was often shown as black or green to signify the black silt that fertilized the land with each year’s Nile flood, and the new life in the form of green vegetation that it brought forth. Painted on the chest is a pectoral, or chest ornament, in the form of a vulture and cobra, symbols of Nekhbet and Wadjyt, the tutelary goddesses of Upper and Lower Egypt.

Source: Museum of Fine Arts Boston

The Fibonacci sequence can help you quickly convert between miles and kilometers

The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers where every new number is the sum of the two previous ones in the series.

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, etc. The next number would be 13 + 21 = 34.

Here’s the thing: 5 mi = 8 km. 8 mi = 13 km. 13 mi = 21 km, and so on.

Edit: You can also do this with multiples of these numbers (e.g. 5*10 = 8*10, 50 mi = 80 km). If you’ve got an odd number that doesn’t fit in the sequence, you can also just round to the nearest Fibonacci number and compensate for this in the answer. E.g. 70 mi ≈ 80 mi. 80 mi = 130 km. Subtract a small value like 15 km to compensate for the rounding, and the end result is 115 km.

This works because the Fibonacci sequence increases following the golden ratio (1:1.618). The ratio between miles and km is 1:1.609, or very, very close to the golden ratio. Hence, the Fibonacci sequence provides very good approximations when converting between km and miles.