Glaretum fundado en el 2015 con el objetivo de divulgar la ciencia a través de la Astronomía hasta convertirnos en una fuente de conocimiento científico veraz siendo garantía de información seria y actualizada.
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Latest Posts by glaretum - Page 8
Tomorrow’s Technology on the Space Station Today
Tablets, smart appliances, and other technologies that are an indispensable part of daily life are no longer state-of-the-art compared to the research and technology development going on over our heads. As we celebrate 20 years of humans continuously living and working in space aboard the International Space Station, we’re recapping some of the out-of-this-world tech development and research being done on the orbiting lab too.
Our Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) helps redefine state-of-the-art tech for living and working in space. Here are 10 technologies tried and tested on the space station with helping hands from its astronaut occupants over the years.
1. Astronaut Wanna-Bees
Astronauts on the space station are responsible for everything from conducting science experiments and deploying satellites to tracking inventory and cleaning. While all are necessary, the crew can delegate some jobs to the newest robotic inhabitants – Astrobees.
These cube-shaped robots can work independently or in tandem, carrying out research activities. Once they prove themselves, the bots will take on some of the more time-consuming tasks, such as monitoring the status of dozens of experiments. The three robots – named Bumble, Honey, and Queen – can operate autonomously following a programmed set of instructions or controlled remotely. Each uses cameras for navigation, fans for propulsion, and a rechargeable battery for power. The robots also have a perching arm that lets them grip handrails or hold items. These free-flying helpers take advantage of another STMD technology called Gecko Grippers that “stick” to any surface.
2. Getting a Grip in Microgravity
We wanted to develop tools for grabbing space junk, and something strong and super-sticky is necessary to collect the diverse material orbiting Earth. So, engineers studied the gecko lizard, perhaps the most efficient “grabber” on this planet. Millions of extremely fine hairs on the bottom of their feet make an incredible amount of contact with surfaces so the gecko can hold onto anything. That inspired our engineers to create a similar material.
Now the Gecko Gripper made by OnRobot is sold on the commercial market, supporting industrial activities such as materials handling and assembly. The NASA gecko adhesive gripper that’s being tested in microgravity on the Astrobee robots was fabricated on Earth. But other small plastic parts can now be manufactured in space.
3. Make It, or Don’t Take It
Frequent resupply trips from Earth to the Moon, Mars, and other solar system bodies are simply not realistic. In order to become truly Earth-independent and increase sustainability, we had to come up with ways to manufacture supplies on demand.
A demonstration of the first 3D printer in space was tested on the space station in 2014, proving it worked in microgravity. This paved the way for the first commercial 3D printer in space, which is operated by Made In Space. It has successfully produced more than 150 parts since its activation in 2016. Designs for tools, parts, and many other objects are transmitted to the station by the company, which also oversees the print jobs. Different kinds of plastic filaments use heat and pressure in a process that’s similar to the way a hot glue gun works. The molten material is precisely deposited using a back-and-forth motion until the part forms. The next logical step for efficient 3D printing was using recycled plastics to create needed objects.
4. The Nine Lives of Plastic
To help fragile technology survive launch and keep food safe for consumption, NASA employs a lot of single-use plastics. That material is a valuable resource, so we are developing a number of ways to repurpose it. The Refabricator, delivered to the station in 2018, is designed to reuse everything from plastic bags to packing foam. The waste plastic is super-heated and transformed into the feedstock for its built-in 3D printer. The filament can be used repeatedly: a 3D-printed wrench that’s no longer needed can be dropped into the machine and used to make any one of the pre-programmed objects, such as a spoon. The dorm-fridge-sized machine created by Tethers Unlimited Inc. successfully manufactured its first object, but the technology experienced some issues in the bonding process likely due to microgravity’s effect on the materials. Thus, the Refabricator continues to undergo additional testing to perfect its performance.
5. Speed Metal
An upcoming hardware test on the station will try out a new kind of 3D printer. The on-demand digital manufacturing technology is capable of using different kinds of materials, including plastic and metals, to create new parts. We commissioned TechShot Inc. to build the hardware to fabricate objects made from aerospace-grade metals and electronics. On Earth, FabLab has already demonstrated its ability to manufacture strong, complex metal tools and other items. The unit includes a metal additive manufacturing process, furnace, and endmill for post-processing. It also has built-in monitoring for in-process inspection. When the FabLab is installed on the space station, it will be remotely operated by controllers on Earth. Right now, another printer created by the same company is doing a different kind of 3D printing on station.
6. A Doctor’s BFF
Today scientists are also learning to 3D print living tissues. However, the force of gravity on this planet makes it hard to print cells that maintain their shape. So on Earth, scientists use scaffolding to help keep the printed structures from collapsing.
The 3D BioFabrication Facility (BFF) created by TechShot Inc. could provide researchers a gamechanger that sidesteps the need to use scaffolds by bioprinting in microgravity. This first American bioprinter in space uses bio-inks that contain adult human cells along with a cell-culturing system to strengthen the tissue over time. Eventually, that means that these manufactured tissues will keep their shape once returned to Earth’s gravity! While the road to bioprinting human organs is likely still many years away, these efforts on the space station may move us closer to that much-needed capability for the more than 100,000 people on the wait list for organ transplant.
7. Growing Vitamins
Conditions in space are hard on the human body, and they also can be punishing on food. Regular deliveries of food to the space station refresh the supply of nutritious meals for astronauts. But prepackaged food stored on the Moon or sent to Mars in advance of astronauts could lose some nutritional value over time.
That’s why the BioNutrients experiment is underway. Two different strains of baker’s yeast which are engineered to produce essential nutrients on demand are being checked for shelf life in orbit. Samples of the yeast are being stored at room temperature aboard the space station and then are activated at different intervals, frozen, and returned to Earth for evaluation. These tests will allow scientists to check how long their specially-engineered microbes can be stored on the shelf, while still supplying fresh nutrients that humans need to stay healthy in space. Such microbes must be able to be stored for months, even years, to support the longer durations of exploration missions. If successful, these space-adapted organisms could also be engineered for the potential production of medicines. Similar organisms used in this system could provide fresh foods like yogurt or kefir on demand. Although designed for space, this system also could help provide nutrition for people in remote areas of our planet.
8. Rough and Ready
Everything from paints and container seals to switches and thermal protection systems must withstand the punishing environment of space. Atomic oxygen, charged-particle radiation, collisions with meteoroids and space debris, and temperature extremes (all combined with the vacuum) are just some conditions that are only found in space. Not all of these can be replicated on Earth. In 2001, we addressed this testing problem with the Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE). Technologists can send small samples of just about any technology or material into low-Earth orbit for six months or more. Mounted to the exterior of the space station, MISSE has tested more than 4,000 materials. More sophisticated hardware developed over time now supports automatic monitoring that sends photos and data back to researchers on Earth. Renamed the MISSE Flight Facility, this permanent external platform is now owned and operated by the small business, Alpha Space Test & Research Alliance LLC. The woman-owned company is developing two similar platforms for testing materials and technologies on the lunar surface.
9. Parachuting to Earth
Small satellites could provide a cheaper, faster way to deliver small payloads to Earth from the space station. To do just that, the Technology Education Satellite, or TechEdSat, develops the essential technologies with a series of CubeSats built by college students in partnership with NASA. In 2017, TechEdSat-6 deployed from the station, equipped with a custom-built parachute called exo-brake to see if a controlled de-orbit was possible. After popping out of the back of the CubeSat, struts and flexible cords warped the parachute like a wing to control the direction in which it travelled. The exo-brake uses atmospheric drag to steer a small satellite toward a designated landing site. The most recent mission in the series, TechEdSat-10, was deployed from the station in July with an improved version of an exo-brake. The CubeSat is actively being navigated to the target entry point in the vicinity of the NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility on Wallops Island, Virginia.
10. X-ray Vision for a Galactic Position System
Independent navigation for spacecraft in deep space is challenging because objects move rapidly and the distances between are measured in millions of miles, not the mere thousands of miles we’re used to on Earth. From a mission perched on the outside of the station, we were able to prove that X-rays from pulsars could be helpful. A number of spinning neutron stars consistently emit pulsating beams of X-rays, like the rotating beacon of a lighthouse. Because the rapid pulsations of light are extremely regular, they can provide the precise timing required to measure distances.
The Station Explorer for X-Ray Timing and Navigation (SEXTANT) demonstration conducted on the space station in 2017 successfully measured pulsar data and used navigation algorithms to locate the station as it moved in its orbit. The washing machine-sized hardware, which also produced new neutron star science via the Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER), can now be miniaturized to develop detectors and other hardware to make pulsar-based navigation available for use on future spacecraft.
As NASA continues to identify challenges and problems for upcoming deep space missions such as Artemis, human on Mars, and exploring distant moons such as Titan, STMD will continue to further technology development on the space station and Earth.
Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com
What Would These Astronauts Put in Their #NASAMoonKit?
NASA is hard at work to land the first woman and the next man on the Moon, and we want to know: what would you pack for a trip to the Moon?
We will be soon conducting our last in a series of Green Run tests for the core stage of our Space Launch System (SLS) — the most powerful rocket ever built.
The series of tests is designed to gradually bring the rocket stage and all its systems to life for the first time — ensuring that it’s ready for missions to the Moon through the Artemis program.
To mark this critical time in the history of American spaceflight, we’ve been asking people like you — what would you take with you on a trip to the Moon? Social media users have been regaling us with their images, videos, and illustrations with the hashtag #NASAMoonKit!
Looking for a little inspiration? We asked some of our astronauts and NASA leaders the same question:
1. NASA Astronaut Chris Cassidy
NASA astronaut Chris Cassidy recently took this photo from the International Space Station and posted it to his Twitter account with this caption:
“If I was on the next mission to the Moon, I would have to bring this tiny spaceman with me! He’s flown with me on all of my missions and was in my uniform pocket for all the SEAL missions I have been a part of. Kind of like a good luck charm.”
2. European Space Agency Astronaut Tim Peake
European Space Agency astronaut Tim Peake asked his two sons what they would take with them to the Moon. This is what they decided on!
3. NASA Astronaut Scott Tingle
Based on previous missions to space, NASA astronaut Scott Tingle would put a can of LiOH, or Lithium Hydroxide, into his #NASAMoonKit.
A LiOH can pulls carbon dioxide out of the air — very important when you’re in a closed environment for a long time! Apollo 13 enthusiasts will remember that the astronauts had to turn off their environmental system to preserve power. To keep the air safe, they used LiOH cans from another part of the vehicle, but the cans were round and the fitting was square. Today we have interoperability standards for space systems, so no more square pegs in round holes!
4. NASA Astronaut Drew Morgan
NASA astronaut Drew Morgan received some feedback from his youngest daughter when she was in kindergarten about she would put into her #NASAMoonKit.
5. Head of Human Spaceflight Kathy Lueders
Although Kathy Lueders is not an astronaut, she is the head of human spaceflight at NASA! Her #NASAMoonKit includes activities to keep her entertained as well as her favorite pillow.
How to Show Us What’s In Your #NASAMoonKit:
There are four social media platforms that you can use to submit your work:
Instagram: Use the Instagram app to upload your photo or video, and in the description include #NASAMoonKit
Twitter: Share your image on Twitter and include #NASAMoonKit in the tweet
Facebook: Share your image on Facebook and include #NASAMoonKit in the post
Tumblr: Share your image in Tumblr and include #NASAMoonKit in the tags
If your #NASAMoonKit catches our eye, we may share your post on our NASA social media accounts or share it on the Green Run broadcast!
Click here for #NASAMoonKit Terms and Conditions.
Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com
Las estrellas más brillantes incrustadas en nebulosas a lo largo de nuestra galaxia derraman un torrente de radiación que devora vastas nubes de gas hidrógeno, la materia prima para construir nuevas estrellas. Este proceso de grabado esculpe un paisaje de fantasía donde la imaginación humana puede ver todo tipo de formas y figuras. Esta nebulosa en la constelación de Cassiopeia tiene velos fluidos de gas y polvo que le han valido el sobrenombre de "Nebulosa Fantasma".
Oficialmente conocida como IC 63, esta nebulosa se encuentra a 550 años luz de distancia en la constelación de Cassiopeia the Queen.
Crédito: NASA, ESA y STScI / Universidad de Estrasburgo
This is Herschel’s Garnet Star! 🌟🌟🌟
If Herschel’s Garnet Star and the Sun were placed both at a same distance of 10 parsecs, this star would be 100,000 times brighter than our Sun! It is so big that if it were in the Solar System, it would engulf up to the orbit of Jupiter! ✨✨✨
Taken by me (Michelle Park) using the Slooh Canary Two telescope on October 26th, 2020 at 23:47 UTC.
Scary Space: New Halloween Poster Treats from NASA
Halloween is just around the corner. Need some chilling décor? We’ve got you – and your walls – covered with three new Galaxy of Horrors posters that showcase some of the most terrifying topics in the universe.
Gamma Ray Ghouls
In the depths of the universe, the cores of two collapsed stars violently merge to release a burst of the deadliest and most powerful form of light, known as gamma rays. These beams of doom are unleashed upon their unfortunate surroundings, shining a billion trillion times brighter than the Sun for up to 30 terrifying seconds. No spaceship will shield you from their blinding destruction!
Galactic Graveyard
The chillingly haunted galaxy called MACS 2129-1 mysteriously stopped making stars only a few billion years after the Big Bang. It became a cosmic cemetery, illuminated by the red glow of decaying stars. Dare to enter and you might encounter the frightening corpses of exoplanets or the final death throes of once-mighty stars.
Dark Matter
Something strange and mysterious creeps throughout the cosmos. Scientists call it dark matter. It is scattered in an intricate web that forms the skeleton of our universe. Dark matter is invisible, only revealing its presence by pushing and pulling on objects we can see. NASA’s Roman Space Telescope will investigate its secrets. What will it find?
Download the full set in English and Spanish here.
Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com
We Just Found Water on the Moon’s Sunlit Surface
When the first Apollo astronauts returned from the Moon in 1969, the Moon’s surface was thought to be completely dry. Over the last 20 years, orbital and impactor missions confirmed water ice is present inside dark, permanently shadowed craters around the poles. But could water survive in the Moon’s sunnier regions? Using SOFIA, the world’s largest flying observatory, we found water on a sunlit lunar surface for the first time. The discovery suggests water may be distributed across the Moon’s surface, which is a whopping 14.6 million square miles. Scientists think the water could be stored inside glass beadlike structures within the soil that can be smaller than the tip of a pencil. The amount of water detected is equivalent to about a 12-ounce bottle trapped in a cubic meter volume of soil. While that amount is 100 times less than what’s found in the Sahara Desert, discovering even small amounts raises new questions about how this precious resource is created and persists on the harsh, airless lunar surface. Learn more about the discovery:
Water was found in Clavius Crater, one of the Moon’s largest craters visible from Earth.
The water may be delivered by tiny meteorite impacts…
…or formed by the interaction of energetic particles ejected from the Sun.
Follow-up observations by SOFIA will look for water in additional sunlit locations on the Moon.
We are eager to learn all we can about the presence of water in advance of sending the first woman and next man to the lunar surface in 2024 under our Artemis program. What we learn on and around the Moon will help us take the next giant leap – sending astronauts to Mars.
Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com
Asteroid Bennu, the Storyteller
Asteroids are the storytellers of our solar system’s youth. They are the closest we can get to the original material that makes up the sun, planets, and moons.
This week, our OSIRIS-REx spacecraft made history when it touched a pristine, ancient asteroid named Bennu to collect a sample from the surface. The intrepid spacecraft will now bring the asteroid sample – and its stories – back home to Earth.
Why is it that asteroid Bennu holds the history of our origins? Let’s go back to the beginning…
About 4.5 billion years ago, our solar system began as a spinning, swirling cloud made up of tiny bits of gaseous and rocky material. Most of that material – more than 99% of it – gathered in the center and went on to become the Sun.
The leftovers began to spin around the Sun, colliding into one another and forming larger and larger objects, eventually becoming planets, dwarf planets, and moons.
But asteroids didn’t become part of planets or moons. So, while the material in planets and moons were superheated and altered during the formation of the solar system and weathered by geologic processes over time, asteroids remained pristine.
Each asteroid holds knowledge from that special time in our solar system’s history. Each one contains information about the chemicals, minerals, and molecules that were present when the solar system was just starting to form.
With missions like OSIRIS-REx, we are going on a journey to these ancient worlds, seeking to learn what they remember, seeking to expand our knowledge, and deepen our understanding of our origins.
Learn more about the OSIRIS-REx mission HERE, or follow the mission on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.
Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com
"Darkly Dreaming"
Crédito: Aaron Groen
Web: http://www.aaronjgroen.com/
Who turned off the lights?
Horseshoe bend, Arizona.
Crédito: Felix Barra
https://www.facebook.com/felix.barra.5
Eric Whitacre; Deep Field: The Impossible Magnitude of our Universe a unique film and musical experience inspired by one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time: the Hubble Telescope’s Deep Field image
Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia
Crédito: Jheison Huerta
Instagram: http://instagram.com/jheison_huerta
Web: http://jheisonhuerta.com
Antares / M4 en Escorpio.
Poco fuera de foco, disparado con una lente 360 mm f / 6 con un viejo Canon Rebel 400 D, pero todavía muestra la enorme nube de polvo cerca de Antares.
Crédito: Robert Reeves
Las mediciones del satélite Copernicus Sentinel-5P muestran que el agujero de ozono de este año sobre la Antártida es uno de los más grandes y profundos de los últimos años.
Crédito: ESA
Our Space Launch System Rocket’s “Green Run” Engine Testing By the Numbers
We continue to make progress toward the first launch of our Space Launch System (SLS) rocket for the Artemis I mission around the Moon. Engineers at NASA’s Stennis Space Center near Bay St. Louis, Mississippi are preparing for the last two tests of the eight-part SLS core stage Green Run test series.
The test campaign is one of the final milestones before our SLS rocket launches America’s Orion spacecraft to the Moon with the Artemis program. The SLS Green Run test campaign is a series of eight different tests designed to bring the entire rocket stage to life for the first time.
As our engineers and technicians prepare for the wet dress rehearsal and the SLS Green Run hot fire, here are some numbers to keep in mind:
212 Feet
The SLS rocket’s core stage is the largest rocket stage we have ever produced. From top to bottom of its four RS-25 engines, the rocket stage measures 212 feet.
35 Stories
For each of the Green Run tests, the SLS core stage is installed in the historic B-2 Test Stand at Stennis. The test stand was updated to accommodate the SLS rocket stage and is 35 stories tall – or almost 350 feet!
4 RS-25 Engines
All four RS-25 engines will operate simultaneously during the final Green Run Hot Fire. Fueled by the two propellant tanks, the cluster of engines will gimbal, or pivot, and fire for up to eight minutes just as if it were an actual Artemis launch to the Moon.
18 Miles
Our brawny SLS core stage is outfitted with three flight computers and special avionics systems that act as the “brains” of the rocket. It has 18 miles of cabling and more than 500 sensors and systems to help feed fuel and direct the four RS-25 engines.
773,000 Gallons
The stage has two huge propellant tanks that collectively hold 733,000 gallons of super-cooled liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. The stage weighs more than 2.3 million pounds when its fully fueled.
114 Tanker Trucks
It’ll take 114 trucks – 54 trucks carrying liquid hydrogen and 60 trucks carrying liquid oxygen – to provide fuel to the SLS core stage.
6 Propellant Barges
A series of barges will deliver the propellant from the trucks to the rocket stage installed in the test stand. Altogether, six propellant barges will send fuel through a special feed system and lines. The propellant initially will be used to chill the feed system and lines to the correct cryogenic temperature. The propellant then will flow from the barges to the B-2 Test Stand and on into the stage’s tanks.
100 Terabytes
All eight of the Green Run tests and check outs will produce more than 100 terabytes of collected data that engineers will use to certify the core stage design and help verify the stage is ready for launch.
For comparison, just one terabyte is the equivalent to 500 hours of movies, 200,000 five-minute songs, or 310,000 pictures!
32,500 holes
The B-2 Test Stand has a flame deflector that will direct the fire produced from the rocket’s engines away from the stage. Nearly 33,000 tiny, handmade holes dot the flame deflector. Why? All those minuscule holes play a huge role by directing constant streams of pressurized water to cool the hot engine exhaust.
One Epic First
When NASA conducts the SLS Green Run Hot Fire test at Stennis, it’ll be the first time that the SLS core stage operates just as it would on the launch pad. This test is just a preview of what’s to come for Artemis I!
The Space Launch System is the only rocket that can send NASA astronauts aboard NASA’s Orion spacecraft and supplies to the Moon in a single mission. The SLS core stage is a key part of the rocket that will send the first woman and the next man to the Moon through NASA’s Artemis program.
Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com
#UnDiaComoHoy pero en el 2018 fue lanzado la misión #BepiColombo. Es la primera misión europea en conjuncion con la agencia espacial Japonesa (JAXA) hacia el planeta Mercurio. Se espera que llegue a su objetivo en el 2025.
Créditos: @ESA_History
An Addition to our Space Rock Collection
On October 20th, our OSIRIS-REx mission will make its first attempt to collect and retrieve a sample of asteroid Bennu, a near-Earth asteroid. On sample collection day, Bennu will be over 200 million miles away from Earth.
Asteroids are the building blocks of our solar system. A sample of this ancient material can tell us about the history of our planet and the origins of life. Science results published from the mission on October 8th confirm that Bennu contains carbon in a form often found in biology or in compounds associated with biology.
To collect a sample, OSIRIS-REx will attempt a method NASA has never used before – called Touch-And-Go (TAG). First, the spacecraft extends its robotic sampling arm, the Touch-And-Go Sample Acquisition Mechanism (TAGSAM) – from its folded storage position. The spacecraft’s two solar panels then move into a “Y-wing” configuration over the spacecraft’s body, which positions them safely up and away from the asteroid’s surface during touch down. This configuration also places the spacecraft’s center of gravity directly over the TAGSAM collector head, which is the only part of the spacecraft that will contact Bennu’s surface.
Finding a safe sample collection site on Bennu’s rocky landscape was a challenge. During the sampling event, the spacecraft, which is the size of a large van, will attempt to touch down in an area that is only the size of a few parking spaces, and just a few steps away from enormous boulders.
The spacecraft will only make contact with Bennu for a matter of seconds - just long enough to blow nitrogen gas onto the surface to roil up dust and small pebbles, which will then be captured for a return to Earth.
We need to conduct a few tests before we can confirm we collected a large enough sample (about 2 oz). First, OSIRIS-REx will take images of the collector head to see if it contains rocks and dust. Second, the spacecraft will spin with the TAGSAM extended to determine the mass of collected material. If these measures show a successful collection, we will stow the sample for return to Earth. If sufficient sample has not been collected, the spacecraft has onboard nitrogen charges for two more attempts. The next TAG attempt would be made no earlier than January 2021.
Despite the many challenges, the OSIRIS-REx team is ready. They’ve practiced and prepared for this moment.
Join in with #ToBennuAndBack and tune in on October 20th.
Learn more about the OSIRIS-REx countdown to TAG HERE.
Learn more about the OSIRIS-REx mission HERE, or follow the mission on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.
Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com
🌻🌻🌻Girasoles en Podlaskie, Polonia.
Crédito: Tomasz Arciszewski
Instagram: arciszz
¿Naciste después del 1 de noviembre del 2000?👶 ¡Eres de "Generation Station"! y has vivido toda tu vida con el @Space_Station orbitando por encima.
Ven y conoce a estos estudiantes que están contribuyendo a @ISS_Research en el laboratorio en órbita:
https://go.nasa.gov/31kE5Kl
Peaceful Ethereal Piano Music 🎹 Spotify Playlist
La NASA ha otorgado a Intuitive Machines of Houston $ 47 millones para el experimento de Minería de Hielo de Recursos Polares conocido como PRIME-1, ayudara a buscar hielo en el Polo Sur de la #Luna y recolectar hielo debajo de la superficie.
Fuente: go.nasa.gov/2Tgusbr
La cooperación internacional en y alrededor de la Luna como parte del programa Artemis está dando un paso adelante hoy con la firma de los Acuerdos de Artemis entre la NASA y varios países socios. Los Acuerdos de Artemis establecen un conjunto práctico de principios para guiar la cooperación de exploración espacial entre las naciones que participan en los planes de exploración lunar del siglo XXI de la agencia.
“Artemis será el programa internacional de exploración espacial humana más amplio y diverso de la historia, y los Acuerdos de Artemis son el vehículo que establecerá esta singular coalición global”, dijo el administrador de la NASA Jim Bridenstine. "Con la firma de hoy, nos estamos uniendo con nuestros socios para explorar la Luna y estamos estableciendo principios vitales que crearán un futuro seguro, pacífico y próspero en el espacio para que lo disfrute toda la humanidad".
Si bien la NASA lidera el programa Artemis, que incluye el envío de la primera mujer y el próximo hombre a la superficie de la Luna en 2024, las asociaciones internacionales desempeñarán un papel clave para lograr una presencia sostenible y sólida en la Luna a finales de esta década mientras se preparan para realizar una misión humana histórica a Marte.
Los países miembros fundadores que han firmado los Acuerdos de Artemis, en orden alfabético, son:
Australia
Canadá
Italia
Japón
Luxemburgo
Emiratos Árabes Unidos
Reino Unido
Estados Unidos de América
La NASA anunció que estaba estableciendo los Acuerdos de Artemis a principios de este año para guiar las futuras actividades de cooperación, que se implementarán a través de acuerdos bilaterales que describirán responsabilidades y otras disposiciones legales. Los socios se asegurarán de que sus actividades cumplan con los acuerdos en el desarrollo de la cooperación futura. La cooperación internacional en Artemisa tiene como objetivo no solo impulsar la exploración espacial, sino también mejorar las relaciones pacíficas entre las naciones.
“Fundamentalmente, los Acuerdos de Artemis ayudarán a evitar conflictos en el espacio y en la Tierra al fortalecer el entendimiento mutuo y reducir las percepciones erróneas. Transparencia, registro público, operaciones de eliminación de conflictos: estos son los principios que preservarán la paz ”, dijo Mike Gold, administrador asociado interino de la NASA para relaciones internacionales e interinstitucionales. "El viaje de Artemisa es a la Luna, pero el destino de los Acuerdos es un futuro pacífico y próspero".
Los Acuerdos de Artemisa refuerzan y aplican el Tratado de 1967 sobre los principios que rigen las actividades de los Estados en la exploración y utilización del espacio ultraterrestre, incluida la Luna y otros cuerpos celestes, también conocido como Tratado del Espacio Ultraterrestre. También refuerzan el compromiso de los EE. UU. Y los países socios con la Convención de Registro, el Acuerdo sobre el Rescate de Astronautas y otras normas de comportamiento que la NASA y sus socios han apoyado, incluida la divulgación pública de datos científicos.
Los principios de los Acuerdos de Artemisa son:
Exploración pacífica: Todas las actividades realizadas bajo el programa Artemis deben tener fines pacíficos.
Transparencia: Los firmantes de los Acuerdos de Artemis llevarán a cabo sus actividades de manera transparente para evitar confusiones y conflictos.
Interoperabilidad: Las naciones que participan en el programa Artemis se esforzarán por respaldar sistemas interoperables para mejorar la seguridad y la sostenibilidad.
Asistencia de emergencia: Los signatarios de los Acuerdos de Artemis se comprometen a prestar asistencia al personal en peligro.
Registro de objetos espaciales: Cualquier nación que participe en Artemis debe ser signataria de la Convención de Registro o convertirse en signataria con prontitud.
Liberación de datos científicos: Los signatarios de los Acuerdos de Artemis se comprometen a la divulgación pública de información, permitiendo que todo el mundo se una a nosotros en el viaje de Artemis.
Preservar el patrimonio: los firmantes de los Acuerdos de Artemis se comprometen a preservar el patrimonio del espacio exterior.
Recursos espaciales: extraer y utilizar los recursos espaciales es clave para una exploración segura y sostenible y Los signatarios de los Acuerdos de Artemis afirman que dichas actividades deben llevarse a cabo de conformidad con el Tratado sobre el espacio ultraterrestre.
Desconflicto de actividades: Las naciones de los Acuerdos de Artemis se comprometen a prevenir la interferencia perjudicial y a apoyar el principio de la debida consideración, como lo exige el Tratado sobre el espacio ultraterrestre.
Comprometerse a planificar la eliminación segura de escombros.
Otros países se unirán a los Acuerdos de Artemisa en los meses y años venideros, mientras la NASA continúa trabajando con sus socios internacionales para establecer un futuro seguro, pacífico y próspero en el espacio. Trabajar con agencias espaciales emergentes, así como con socios existentes y agencias espaciales bien establecidas, agregará nueva energía y capacidades para garantizar que todo el mundo pueda beneficiarse del viaje de exploración y descubrimiento de Artemis.
Vía Láctea desde Nueva Zelanda
Crédito: Paul Wilson
www.astrodaddy.co
