Wandering Wind-up Bird



Standard French has a two-part negation: Il ne vient pas. (He doesn't come.) However, colloquial French often drops ne, thereby returning to the Old French situation: a single negation word. The same thing actually happened in English and other languages, such as German and Dutch. This series of changes even has a name: Jespersen's Cycle. Here's more.

The Romance words for 'apple' seem to differ quite a bit. Take for instance French pomme, Italian mela, Spanish manzana, Portuguese maçã, and Romanian măr. These words stem from three Latin words, two of which are closely related. Here's their history.

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Plush Toys Song

The Ancient Kiss ✨

Daft Punk in Tokyo Japan (2000) Photography: Tetsuro Sato

Spanish ningun and Portuguese nenhum 'no; (not) any' have the same origin as the German and Dutch negative articles kein and geen. The changes they underwent have made them quite different, but they all stem from a combination of two words that meant 'not even one'.

He's just like me.