Inside The Rugged Lives Of Mongolia’s Nomads 

The Greenland shark, Somniosus microcephalus, is a member of the “sleeper shark” family. It moves very slowly around the deep ocean.

They grow to enormous sizes – in some cases more than 5 metres (16 feet) long – and live in very cold waters in the far north Atlantic, sometimes at the surface but often as deep as 1,800 metres (1.1 miles). They cruise along at 0.74 metres per second, or about three-quarters of a mile an hour.

It was already known that they can live for more than 200 years, but new research has shown that is literally only half the story.

When the oldest shark researchers studied was born (the Greenland shark gives birth to live young, not eggs), the Pilgrims had only recently settled in Massachusetts. Europe’s Thirty-Year War was in its infancy. James I sat on the throne of England. It lived through the English Civil War, the Great Plague and Fire of London, the American Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars, both world wars, and the entire nine-season run of Seinfeld.

Continue reading.

me, on a date: so what's your opinion on sharks?

them: oh my god they are such cold, heartless MONSTERS and-

me, shoving breadsticks in my purse: sorry but i have to go home, right now, immediately.

What’s Next for the World’s Most Trafficked Mammal?

Earlier this week, a U.S. agency announced that it will consider giving greater protection to pangolins.

What’s a pangolin, you might ask?

Pangolins are creatures found in Asia and Africa that have a pinecone-esque appearance. They’re about the size of house cats, are covered in scales, and have very long tongues for slurping up ants and termites.

These pest controllers are a hot commodity on the black market, poached for nearly all their body parts. Their meat is considered a delicacy in Asia. Their scales, made of keratin (the main ingredient in fingernails), are fashioned into jewelry or used as traditional medicine, even though they don’t have any curative value. Even their blood, a supposed aphrodisiac, is dried and used in potions.

Considered the most trafficked mammals in the world, tens of thousands of pangolins are believed to be poached annually—bad news for an animal whose females reproduce only once a year.

That’s why in July 2015, conservation groups such as the International Fund for Animal Welfare and the Center for Biological Diversity petitioned the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to list seven pangolin species under the Endangered Species Act, a law that seeks to conserve endangered or threatened species throughout their range (an eighth species, the Temnick’s ground pangolin, found in southern and eastern Africa, is already protected under the act).

And on March 15, the agency said the organizations made a good enough case that it’s now  willing to invite the public to weigh in on the proposal for 60 days.

No one knows exactly how many pangolins remain in the wild, but researchers are pretty sure the animals’ numbers are shrinking. Two of the four Asian species, the Sunda and the Chinese pangolins, are considered to face a high risk of extinction and the other two are “endangered,” according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, which sets the conservation status of wildlife. With the depletion of the Asian pangolins, smugglers have targeted their cousins in Africa, which are faring better but are nonetheless described as “vulnerable.”

U.S. Involvement

If the seven species gain protection under the U.S. law, it would be illegal for people to import the animals or their parts into the country—unless they’re being brought in to promote conservation. Same thing for sales across state lines. 

Keep Reading

The blood vessels on your head.

Canaries do not hate these spicy treats. In fact, they would be more than willing to eat jalapeno peppers. These are rich in vitamins A and C. / via

This is that paper I was telling you all about by the paleontologist at my university, Dr. Plotnick; give it a read!

Red-lined bubble snail (Bullina lineata)

The red-lined bubble snail, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Bullinidae. This snail has a milky-white mantle with iridescent blue edges. There are small black eyes on the head between the head shield processes. The shell has a white background with horizontally spiraling red brown bands which are crossed by vertical bands in the same color. The length is 15 to 25 mm. This species occurs in the sublittoral zone of the Indo-Pacific from Japan to Australia and New Zealand.

photo credits: seaslugsofhawaii, Sylke Rohrlach, Richard Ling

Fewer than 250 mature Bawean warty pigs in existence

The rare Bawean warty pig mostly forages at night in community-owned forests on Bawean island, and is endangered, according to a study published April 6, 2016, in the open-access journal PLOS ONE by Mark Rademaker from the VHL University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands, and colleagues.

This species, named after the enormous warts on the male’s face, is one of the rarest pig species on Earth.

It’s Jehol Biota Day!

The Jehol Biota is the ecosystem of the Yixian and Jiofotang Formations of northeastern China, dating between 133 and 120 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous (from the Valanginian to Aptian ages). 

It is famous because of it’s method of preservation - there were ash eruptions periodically, and the fossils are Lagerstätten, meaning that they were exceptionally well preserved with articulated skeletons, soft tissues, stomach contents, and even coloration. 

This has led to an amazing understanding of various types of dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals, especially very birdy dinosaurs. 

These animals lived in forests around lakes, dominated by conifers but featuring the earliest flowering plants - Archaefructus, which may have been a water plant.

By Shizhao, CC BY-SA 2.5

There were dry seasons, but it was a mostly wet formation, as many of the plants grew in very wet habitats and probably stayed close to bodies of water. 

The Yixian Formation was the older of the two main Jehol Formations, and featured many, many animals. Of invertebrates, there were spiders, crustaceans, dragonflies, flies, wasps, many other insects, and molluscs, of too many to list. Fish included the lamprey Mesomyzon, ray finned fishes such as Lycoptera, Peipiaosteus, Protopsephurus, Sinamia, and Yanosteus, and a potential shark. There were frogs and toads like Callobatrachus, Liaobatrachus, and Mesophryne, as well as a salamander, Liaoxitriton. 

Callobatrachus by Emily Willoughby, CC BY-SA 3.0

There were mammals, too, of course - the stem-placental Acristatherium, the stem-marsupials Akidolestes, Maotherium, Zhangheotherium, and Sinodelphys, the stem-therian (Therians being the group of Marsupials and Placentals) Eomaia, the multituberculate (a group of mammals which seem to also be stem-therians) Sinobaatar, and a significant number of Eutriconodonts, a group of early derived mammals, including Chaoyangodens, Gobiconodon, Jeholodens, Juchilestes, Meemannodon, Repenomamus, and Yanoconodon. 

Eomaia by Nobu Tamura, CC BY-SA 3.0

There were the weird early derived Saurians (the group consisting of Lepidosauromorphs and Archosauromorphs, so Extant Reptiles), Choristoderans - Hyphalosaurus, which is known from thousands of specimens, and Monjurosuchus. Lizards included Dalinghosaurus, similar to the modern Chinese Crocodile Lizard; Liushusaurus and Yabeinosaurus, lizards relatedx to modern geckos and skinks, and Xianglong, a gliding lizard. Turtles included Manchurochelys and Ordosemys, both Cryptodirans, a group including giant tortoises, sea turtles, tortoises, snapping turtles, and others. 

Hyphalosaurus by Matt Martyniuk, CC BY 3.0

Xianglong by Nobu Tamura, CC BY 3.0

The heroes of the formation were, of course, the Avemetatarsalians. There were many pterosaurs - Beipiaopterus, Boreopterus, Cathayopterus, Elanodactylus, Eosipterus, Feilongus, Gegepterus, Gladocephaloideus, Haopterus, Moganopterus, Ningchengopterus, Pterofiltrus, and Zhenyuanopterus. 

Ningchengopterus by Nobu Tamura, CC BY 3.0

Ornithischians included the ornithopods Bolong, Jeholosaurus, and Jinzhousaurus, the ankylosaur Liaoningosaurus, and the ceratopsians Liaoceratops and Psittacosaurus. There were sauropods too - the titanosauriform Dongbeititan, a potential titanosaur, and an animal that has for now been referred to Euhelopus. But the real heavyweights were the theropods. 

Jeholosaurus by @ryuukibart

There were the tyrannosauroids Yutyrannus - one of the best known tyrannosauroids with feathers - and Dilong; the compsognathus Huaxiagnathus, Sinocalliopteryx, and Sinosauropteryx - the first non-avian dinosaur known to have feathers, and also with known coloration; early Ornithomimosaurs such as Hexing and Shenzhousaurus; the early derived maniraptoran Yixianosaurus; Beipiaosaurus, a therizinosaur; and tons of Chickenparrots, such as Similicaudipteryx, Protarchaeopteryx, Ningyuansaurus, Incisivosaurus, and Caudipteryx. 

Yutyrannus, model from “Dinosaurs Among Us”, photo by me 

Sinosauropteryx by Matt Martyniuk, CC BY-SA 3.0

There were many Dromaeosaurids (raptors), such as Graciliraptor, Tianyuraptor, Zhenyuanlong - a raptor known from nearly complete feather traces, including extremely large wings - and Sinornithosaurus, the first Dromaeosaurid found with feathers. There were also lots of Troodontids, such as Sinusonasus, Sinovenator, and Mei, as well as unnamed members of both groups. There were early-derived Avialans such as Zhongornis, Jixiangornis, Confuciusornis, and Changchengornis. There were loads of Enantiornithines, such as Bohaiornis, Eoenantironis, Dalingheornis, Liaoningornis, Longirostravis, and Shanweiniao - an Enantiornithine that had a tail fan like modern birds. There were also Euornithines - the group which contains modern birds - such as Longicrusavis, Hongshanornis, and Archaeorhynchus. In short, this was an extremely birdy formation indeed. 

Zhenyuanlong by Emily Willoughby, CC BY-SA 4.0

Shanweiniao by Nobu Tamura, CC BY 3.0

The Jiuofotang Formation was slightly younger, but was similar to the Yixian in terms of the animals there. There were ray finned fishes such as Jinanichthys, Lycoptera, Peipiaosteus, Protsephurus, and Sinamia. There was the mammal Liaoconodon, a Eutriconodont, as well as an unnamed mammal similar to Eomaia from the Yixian Formation. There were also Choristoderans like Philydrosaurus, Ikechosaurus, and Liaoxisaurus. 

Liaoconodon by Dylan Bajda, CC BY-SA 4.0

There were many, many, many pterosaurs. This included Chaoyangopterus, Eoazhdarcho, Guidraco, Ikrandraco, Jidapterus, Liaoningopterus, Liaoxipterus, Linlongopterus, Nemicolopterus, Nurhachius, Shenzhoupterus, and Sinopterus. And, as we shall see, there were a lot of flying theropods as well, indicating that the two groups did live alongside one another just fine, and the common narrative of “birds replaced pterosaurs” has little foundation in the fossil record. 

Ikrandraco, by Fabrizio De Rossi, from www.pteros.com

Chaoyangopterus, by Joschua Knüppe, from www.pteros.com

There were only a few Ornithischians - namely Chuanqilong, an ankylosaur, and Psittacosaurus, a ceratopsian. There is also an unnamed titanosaur from the formation. As for theropods, there were a lot. The tyrannosauroid Sinotyrannus was the largest predator there, there was the Chickenparrot Similicaudipteryx, and of course one of the most famous raptors, Microraptor, which was a four-winged Dromaeosaurid that we know had iridescent black feathers. 

Microraptor by @artisticthingem

There were many early derived Avialans, such as Confuciusornis, Dalianraptor, Omnivoropteryx, Sapeornis, Shenshiornis, Zhongjianornis, and my personal favorite, Jeholornis, a theropod we know was a seed-eater, which is actually quite hard to determine from fossils. There were many Enantiornithines, such as Alethoalaornis, Boluochia, Cathayornis, Cuspirostrisornis, Dapingfangornis, Eocathayornis, Gracilornis, Huoshanornis, Largirostrornis, Longchengornis, Longipteryx, Rapaxavis, Xiangornis, and one of my favorites, Sinornis, which is thought to have perched. As for Euornithines, there was Chaoyangia, Jianchangornis, Parahongshanornis, Schizooura, Songlingornis, Yanornis, and Yixianornis. 

Jeholornis by Matt Martyniuk, CC BY-SA 3.0

Sinornis, by Pavel Rhia, CC BY-SA 3.0

It’s plain to see why the Jehol Biota is so fascinating. At least for me, I love it because it’s clearly one of the best pictures we have of Pennaraptoran evolution - the amount of birdie dinosaurs is absolutely ridiculous. But there’s really something for everyone here - there are titanosaur-like things, some of the earliest Ceratopsians, tons of Pterosaurs, weird Choristoderans, and even some insights into the evolution of early mammals and different types of amphibians and fish, as well as the first flowering plants. The Jehol Biota is one of the best ecosystems we know about, and it definitely deserves celebration! 

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehol_Biota

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiufotang_Formation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yixian_Formation