It’s A Cute Little Thing Though.

Your sunscreen is contributing to the decline of coral reefs

A new report has found that a common sunscreen ingredient is actually toxic to coral, and is killing off juvenile coral and severely damaging adult coral in high concentrations around the world, particularly in Hawaii and the Caribbean.

The ingredient in question? A UV-filtering chemical compound called oxybenzone - also known as BP-3 or Benzophenone-3 - which is found in 3,500 brands of sunscreen around the world, including L’Oreal Paris, Banana Boat, and Neutrogena.

 - ScienceAlert

What Life On A New Planet Will Mean

Shark Documentary: a dead shark!!

Me: oh no

Shark Documentary: something kILLED IT!!

Me: it was an orca

Shark Documentary: WHAt killed this SHARK??!

Me: orca

Shark Documentary: It was not a man!!!

Me: orca

Shark Documentary: *flips a shark upside down*

Me: ok

Shark Documentary: there are some orcas living nearby

Me: yes good

Shark Documentary: what could this mean??

Me: orcas killed the shark

Shark Documentary: did orcas kill this shark??!

Me: yes

Shark Documentary: orcas killed the shark!!

Me: fascinating

You know you grew up on Steve Irwin when you see a photo of a crocodile and think, “Wow. Just beautiful.”

Stages of decomposition

Five general stages are used to describe the process of decomposition in vertebrate animals: Fresh, Bloat, Active and Advanced Decay, and Dry/Remains. The general stages of decomposition are coupled with two stages of chemical decomposition: autolysis and putrefaction. These two stages contribute to the chemical process of decomposition, which breaks down the main components of the body.

Fresh

The fresh stage begins immediately after the heart stops beating.[5] Since blood is no longer being pumped through the body it drains to the dependent portions of the body, under gravity, creating an overall bluish-purple discolouration termed livor mortis or, more commonly, lividity. Shortly after death, within three to six hours, the muscular tissues become rigid and incapable of relaxing which is known as rigor mortis. From the moment of death, the body begins losing heat to the surrounding environment, resulting in an overall cooling called algor mortis.

Once the heart stops, chemical changes occur within the body and result in changes in pH, causing cells to lose their structural integrity. The loss of cell structure brings about the release of cellular enzymes capable of initiating the breakdown of surrounding cells and tissues. This process is known as autolysis. Visible changes caused by decomposition are limited during the fresh stage, although autolysis may cause blisters to appear at the surface of the skin.

Oxygen present in the body is quickly depleted by the aerobic organisms found within. This creates an ideal environment for the proliferation of anaerobic organisms. Anaerobic organisms, originating in the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system, begin to transform carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, to yield organic acids (propionic acid, lactic acid) and gases (methane, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia). The process of microbial proliferation within a body is referred to as putrefaction and leads to the second stage of decomposition, known as bloat.

Blowflies and flesh flies are the first carrion insects to arrive, and seek a suitable oviposition site.

Bloat

The bloat stage provides the first clear visual sign that microbial proliferation is underway. In this stage, anaerobic metabolism takes place, leading to the accumulation of gases, such as hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, and methane. The accumulation of gases within the bodily cavity causes the distention of the abdomen and gives a cadaver its overall bloated appearance. The gases produced also cause natural liquids and liquefying tissues to become frothy. As the pressure of the gases within the body increases, fluids are forced to escape from natural orifices, such as the nose, mouth, and anus, and enter the surrounding environment. The buildup of pressure combined with the loss of integrity of the skin may also cause the body to rupture.

Intestinal anaerobic bacteria transform haemoglobin into sulfhemoglobin and other colored pigments. The associated gases which accumulate within the body at this time aid in the transport of sulfhemoglobin throughout the body via the circulatory and lymphatic systems, giving the body an overall marbled appearance.

If insects have access, maggots hatch and begin to feed on the body’s tissues. Maggot activity, typically confined to natural orifices and masses under the skin, causes the skin to slip and hair to detach from the skin. Maggot feeding, and the accumulation of gases within the body, eventually leads to post-mortem skin ruptures which will then further allow purging of gases and fluids into the surrounding environment. Ruptures in the skin allow oxygen to re-enter the body and provide more surface area for the development of fly larvae and the activity of aerobic microorganisms. The purging of gases and fluids results in the strong distinctive odours associated with decay.

Active decay

Active decay is characterized by the period of greatest mass loss. This loss occurs as a result of both the voracious feeding of maggots and the purging of decomposition fluids into the surrounding environment. The purged fluids accumulate around the body and create a cadaver decomposition island (CDI). Liquefaction of tissues and disintegration become apparent during this time and strong odours persist. The end of active decay is signaled by the migration of maggots away from the body to pupate.

Advanced decay

Decomposition is largely inhibited during advanced decay due to the loss of readily available cadaveric material. Insect activity is also reduced during this stage. When the carcass is located on soil, the area surrounding it will show evidence of vegetation death. The CDI surrounding the carcass will display an increase in soil carbon and nutrients, such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium; changes in pH; and a significant increase in soil nitrogen.

Dry/remains

During the dry/remains stage, the resurgence of plant growth around the CDI may occur and is a sign that the nutrients present in the surrounding soil have not yet returned to their normal levels. All that remains of the cadaver at this stage is dry skin, cartilage, and bones, which will become dry and bleached if exposed to the elements. If all soft tissue is removed from the cadaver, it is referred to as completely skeletonized, but if only portions of the bones are exposed, it is referred to as partially skeletonised.

Found this on my social media… It’s time for Australians to respect sharks as sentient creatures that can contribute to GDP as shark tourism that does not include hooking, netting or sport and trophy fishing. The Bahamas has done this and together with Ocean Ramsey (pictured with great white shark) I have experienced first hand what it means to Bahamians to have their sharks bring valued income for local businesses whether they love, hate or remain fearful of sharks. The animals pictured in the catch and release photos that went viral are likely to have been killed soon after release by healthier sharks in the area. As sentient sharks for human-shark interaction, both sharks pictured could generate over $5 million for a charter operator. That does not include accommodation, dining, car hire and regional products and services for coastal communities that defy the existing JAWS affected paradigm and do as The Bahamas has done for tigers, hammerheads, bull sharks, Caribbean reefies, nurses and all shark species in their territorial waters. Be a champion for sharks and flag your disapproval of angling trips of this kind. If these guys really have what it takes to be heroes, have them join me and Ocean Ramsey for a photo with creatures acting naturally in their company in their element. Unfortunately we would need to do this in Hawaii, Mexico, Florida or The Bahamas for the fact that there is no place that I know of in Australia to do this in 2016.

The dancers of the sea | Peter Chadwick

Diving with a Great White: Not so frightening after all