A Fotografia Desta Semana Mostra Fitas De Gás E Poeira Em Torno Do Centro Da Galáxia Espiral Barrada

What’s Up for June 2016?

What’s Up for June? Saturn at its best! Plus, good views of Mars, Jupiter and Jupiter’s moons continue from dusk to dawn.

You don’t have to stay up late to see Jupiter, Mars and Saturn this month, because they’re all visible soon after sunset. Jupiter is the brightest of the three, visible in the western sky all evening. 

The four Galilean moons are easily visible in binoculars or telescopes. If you think you’re seeing 5 moons on June 10th, you’re not. One of them is a distant star in the constellation Leo.

For telescope viewers, the time near Mars’ closest approach to Earth, May 30th this year, is the best time to try to see the two moons of Mars: Phobos and Deimos. It takes patience, very steady skies and good charts! Mars is still large and bright in early June, but it fades as speedy Earth, in its shorter orbit around the sun, passes it.

Saturn has been close to Mars recently. This month Saturn reaches opposition, when Saturn, Earth and the sun are in a straight line with Earth in the middle, providing the best and closest views of the ringed beauty and several of its moons. You’ll be able to make out cloud bands on Saturn, in delicate shades of cream and butterscotch. They’re fainter than the bands of Jupiter. Through a telescope you’ll see Saturn’s rings tilted about as wide as they get: 26 degrees.

You’ll also have a ring-side view of the Cassini division, discovered by Giovanni Domenico Cassini, namesake of our Cassini spacecraft, orbiting Saturn since 2004 and continuing through September 2017. When you look at Saturn through a telescope, you can’t help but see several of its 4 brightest moons, and maybe more. If you just see one, that’s Titan, 50% larger than our own moon. A telescope can also reveal more moons, like Saturn’s two-colored moon Iapetus. It takes 3 months to orbit Saturn, and it’s fairly easy to see.

There’s a bright comet visible this month, Comet PanSTARRS. It’s best seen from the southern hemisphere, but it’s also visible from the U.S. low in the morning sky. Comet PanSTARRS can be seen through a telescope near the beautiful Helix Nebula on June 4, but it is visible all month.

Watch the full June “What’s Up” video for more: https://youtu.be/M7RtIa9zBYA

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Aldebaran, Venus, Jupiter and Pleiades - Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Image credit: Luis Argerich

Travel Posters of Fantastic Excursions

What would the future look like if people were regularly visiting to other planets and moons? These travel posters give a glimpse into that imaginative future. Take a look and choose your destination:

The Grand Tour

Our Voyager mission took advantage of a once-every-175-year alignment of the outer planets for a grand tour of the solar system. The twin spacecraft revealed details about Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune – using each planet’s gravity to send them on to the next destination.

Mars

Our Mars Exploration Program seeks to understand whether Mars was, is, or can be a habitable world. This poster imagines a future day when we have achieved our vision of human exploration of the Red Planet and takes a nostalgic look back at the great imagined milestones of Mars exploration that will someday be celebrated as “historic sites.”

Earth

There’s no place like home. Warm, wet and with an atmosphere that’s just right, Earth is the only place we know of with life – and lots of it. Our Earth science missions monitor our home planet and how it’s changing so it can continue to provide a safe haven as we reach deeper into the cosmos.

Venus

The rare science opportunity of planetary transits has long inspired bold voyages to exotic vantage points – journeys such as James Cook’s trek to the South Pacific to watch Venus and Mercury cross the face of the sun in 1769. Spacecraft now allow us the luxury to study these cosmic crossings at times of our choosing from unique locales across our solar system.

Ceres

Ceres is the closest dwarf planet to the sun. It is the largest object in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, with an equatorial diameter of about 965 kilometers. After being studied with telescopes for more than two centuries, Ceres became the first dwarf planet to be explored by a spacecraft, when our Dawn probe arrived in orbit in March 2015. Dawn’s ongoing detailed observations are revealing intriguing insights into the nature of this mysterious world of ice and rock.

Jupiter

The Jovian cloudscape boasts the most spectacular light show in the solar system, with northern and southern lights to dazzle even the most jaded space traveler. Jupiter’s auroras are hundreds of times more powerful than Earth’s, and they form a glowing ring around each pole that’s bigger than our home planet. 

Enceladus

The discovery of Enceladus’ icy jets and their role in creating Saturn’s E-ring is one of the top findings of the Cassini mission to Saturn. Further Cassini discoveries revealed strong evidence of a global ocean and the first signs of potential hydrothermal activity beyond Earth – making this tiny Saturnian moon one of the leading locations in the search for possible life beyond Earth.

Titan

Frigid and alien, yet similar to our own planet billions of years ago, Saturn’s largest moon, Titan has a thick atmosphere, organic-rich chemistry and surface shaped by rivers and lakes of liquid ethane and methane. Our Cassini orbiter was designed to peer through Titan’s perpetual haze and unravel the mysteries of this planet-like moon.

Europa

Astonishing geology and the potential to host the conditions for simple life making Jupiter’s moon Europa a fascinating destination for future exploration. Beneath its icy surface, Europa is believed to conceal a global ocean of salty liquid water twice the volume of Earth’s oceans. Tugging and flexing from Jupiter’s gravity generates enough heat to keep the ocean from freezing.

You can download free poster size images of these thumbnails here: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/visions-of-the-future/

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A algum tempo eu trouxe aqui no canal um vídeo sobre a estrela HL Tauri, onde o ALMA tinha feito uma imagem espetacular sobre o disco de poeira ao redor da estrela, mostrando gaps, ou vazios, que poderiam estar relacionados com a presença de planetas recém formados.

Porém, os astrônomos não tinham chegado a uma resposta definitiva sobre o que eram os gaps no disco de poeira, muitos acreditavam que poderia sim ser as marcas da formação de planetas, porém outros contestavam essa teoria, principalmente pelo fato da HL Tauri ser uma estrela muito jovem, com cerca de um milhão de anos, e os astrônomos acreditavam que seria necessário pelo menos 10 milhões de anos para a formação de planetas.

Esses astrônomos sugeriram outros processos para a formação dos gaps, como a mudança no tamanho da poeira, por meio da aglutinação ou da destruição, ou até mesmo pela formação da poeira, pelo congelamento das moléculas gás.

Qual teoria está correta? A formação de planetas, ou a mudança na poeira?

Os astrônomos então foram adquirir novos dados, dessa vez, os astrônomos focaram na análise do gás ao redor da estrela para entender assim a natureza do disco. A ideia deles era a seguinte, se os gaps no disco de poeira fossem provocados pela variação na propriedade da poeira, isso não afetaria o gás diretamente, já se os gaps fossem formados pela gravidade de planetas em formação, isso também afetaria o gás, criando gaps no gás também.

Utilizando os dados públicos do ALMA de 2014 a equipe de astrônomos extraiu as emissões de moléculas de gás e utilizou uma nova técnica de processamento dos dados.

Aliando o processamento dos dados com as novas informações extraídas eles chegaram a conclusão de que existem também gaps no disco de gás, e esses gaps coincidem com os do disco de poeira. Isso suporta a ideia de que esses vazios no disco, são sim as marcas deixadas pela formação de planetas, e pelo fato dos vazios tanto no disco de poeira como no disco de gás se ajustarem tão bem, desfavorece muito a ideia de uma variação somente na poeira.

A HL Tauri possui dois gaps no seu disco, um mais interno e um mais externo. O mais interno provavelmente se deve à formação de um planeta com uma massa equivalente a 0.8 vezes a massa de Júpiter.

Enquanto que o gap externo pode ser que exista devido à formação de um planeta com uma massa equivalente a 2.1 vezes a massa de Júpiter. Porém os resultados para esse disco mais externo são carregados de muita incerteza, e novas informações serão necessárias para que se possa ter certeza do que está acontecendo ali.

Por enquanto, uma conclusão importante dessa pesquisa é que de acordo com os dados, a formação de planetas parece acontecer bem antes do que se previam nos modelos anteriormente. Com mais dados sobre esse tipo de disco e sobre esses gaps, se poderá ter certeza disso, e os modelos poderão então ser reescritos, para melhor representar a formação de planetas.

(via https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdxUGCezWOo)

Imagem feita com 8 frames com High Dynamic Range destacando os detalhes da superfície da Lua durante a totalidade do #Eclipse2017 - by @johnkrausphotos

This is not just an incredible view of Earth, it’s also a fantastic illustration of the terminator. (No not that one!) The terminator is the moving line that separates the day side from the dark night side of a planetary body. From this vantage point you can make out the gradual transition to darkness that is experienced as twilight on the surface. This image was captured on Aug. 31 by astronaut Jeff Williams (@Astro_Jeff) while on board the ISS.

Essa imagem capturada pela Wide Field Camera 3, a WFC3 do Hubble, mostra a galáxia chamada UGC 6093. Como se pode ver facilmente, a UGC 6093 é conhecida como uma galáxia espiral barrada - ela tem belos braços que espiralam a partir de uma barra que corta o centro da galáxia. Ela é classificada como uma galáxia ativa, o que significa que ela abriga um núcleo ativo de galáxia, ou um AGN, uma região compacta no centro da galáxia onde o material está centro dragado em direção do buraco negro supermassivo central. À medida que esse buraco negro devora material, ele emite intensa radiação, fazendo com que a galáxia brilhe intensamente. Mas a UGC 6093 é mais exótica ainda. A galáxia age essencialmente como um gigantesco laser astronômico que espalha sua luz nas microondas, não na luz visível, esse tipo de objeto é chamada de megamaser, sendo maser o termo usado para um laser de microondas. Os megamasers como a UGC 6093, podem ser cerca de 100 milhões de vezes mais brilhantes do que os masers encontrados em galáxias como a Via Láctea. A WFC3 do Hubble, observa a luz sendo espalhada em uma grande variedade de comprimentos de ondas, desde o infravermelho próximo, passando pela parte visível, até o ultravioleta próximo. Ela tem dois canais que detectam e processam os tipos diferentes de luz, permitindo que os astrônomos estudem uma grande quantidade de fenômenos astrofísicos, por exemplo, o canal UV-visível pode estudar galáxias que estão passando pelo processo de formação de estrelas, enquanto que o canal do infravermelho próximo pode estudar a luz desviada para o vermelho de galáxias no universo distante. Essas imagens multi-espectrais feitas pelo Hubble são de suma importância para estudar as galáxias megamasers.

Science, Technology, Engineering and Math: STEM

Today is College Signing Day and we’re working with the White House to celebrate all graduating seniors and inspire more young people to Reach Higher and enroll in higher education.

Additionally, choosing a degree within a STEM (Science, Math, Engineering and Technology) field enables the United States to remain the global economic and technological leader. We feel that it’s our duty to help inspire the next generation of scientists, technologists, engineers and astronauts.

It’s important that each and every student feels empowered and equipped with the knowledge to solve tough problems, evaluate evidence and analyze information. These are all skills students can learn through studying a subjects in STEM.

College is one of the stepping stones to many careers, including becoming an astronaut! Here are a few of our astronauts on their college graduation day, along with their astronaut portrait. 

Astronaut Victor Glover

Undergraduate: California Polytechnic State University Graduate: Air University and Naval Postgraduate School Astronaut Class: 2013

Astronaut Reid Wiseman

Undergraduate: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Graduate: Johns hopkins University Astronaut Class: 2009

Astronaut Thomas Marshburn

Undergraduate: Davidson College Graduate: University of Virginia, Wake Forest University and University of Texas medical Branch Astronaut Class: 2004

Astronaut Karen Nyberg

Undergraduate: University of North Dakota Graduate: University of Texas at Austin Astronaut Class: 2000

Astronaut Bob Behnken

Undergraduate: Washington University Graduate: California Institute of Technology Astronaut Class: 2000

Astronaut Peggy Whitson

Undergraduate: Iowa Wesleyan College Graduate: Rice University Astronaut Class: 1996

Astronaut Joseph Acaba

Undergraduate: University of California Graduate: University of Arizona Astronaut Class: 2004

Astronaut Rex Walheim

Undergraduate: University of California, Berkeley Graduate: University of Houston Astronaut Class: 1996

Whether you want to be an astronaut, an engineer or the administrator of NASA, a college education opens a universe of possibilities:

Administrator Charles Bolden

Here, Administrator Bolden wears the jersey of Keenan Reynolds, a scholar athlete who graduates from the Naval Academy this year. His jersey is on its way to the college football hall of fame. Bolden holds a drawing of himself as a midshipman in the Navy. 

Deputy Administrator Dava Newman

Deputy Administrator Dava Newman sports her college shirt, along with Lisa Guerra, Technical Assistant to the Associate Administrator. Both women studied aerospace engineering at Notre Dame. 

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What’s Up for May 2016?

What’s Up for May? Two huge solar system highlights: Mercury transits the sun and Mars is closer to Earth than it has been in 11 years.

On May 9, wake up early on the west coast or step out for coffee on the east coast to see our smallest planet cross the face of the sun. The transit will also be visible from most of South America, western Africa and western Europe.

A transit occurs when one astronomical body appears to move across the face of another as seen from Earth or from a spacecraft. But be safe! You’ll need to view the sun and Mercury through a solar filter when looking through a telescope or when projecting the image of the solar disk onto a safe surface. Look a little south of the sun’s Equator. It will take about 7 ½ hours for the tiny planet’s disk to cross the sun completely. Since Mercury is so tiny it will appear as a very small round speck, whether it’s seen through a telescope or projected through a solar filter. The next Mercury transit will be Nov. 11, 2019.

Two other May highlights involve Mars. On May 22 Mars opposition occurs. That’s when Mars, Earth and the sun all line up, with Earth directly in the middle.

Eight days later on May 30, Mars and Earth are nearest to each other in their orbits around the sun. Mars is over half a million miles closer to Earth at closest approach than at opposition. But you won’t see much change in the diameter and brightness between these two dates. As Mars comes closer to Earth in its orbit, it appears larger and larger and brighter and brighter. 

During this time Mars rises after the sun sets. The best time to see Mars at its brightest is when it is highest in the sky, around midnight in May and a little earlier in June. 

Through a telescope you can make out some of the dark features on the planet, some of the lighter features and sometimes polar ice and dust storm-obscured areas showing very little detail.

After close approach, Earth sweeps past Mars quickly. So the planet appears large and bright for only a couple weeks. 

But don’t worry if you miss 2016’s close approach. 2018’s will be even better, as Mars’ close approach will be, well, even closer.

You can find out about our #JourneytoMars missions at mars.nasa.gov, and you can learn about all of our missions at http://www.nasa.gov.

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